Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)

What is Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)?

Functional Neurological Disorder (FND – previously and sometimes called conversion disorder) has left many medical professionals and researchers puzzled for a long time.  FND is a condition characterised by a wide variety of neurological symptoms without the presence of structural or organic abnormalities in the brain or nervous system.

The Brain is a complex and intricate system of many intertwined networks that function together to control our thoughts, emotions and movements. It is proposed that disruptions in how these pathways and network's function contribute to the symptoms of FND as well as the distress, pain and disruption in daily functioning. In FND, the nervous system is affected in how it sends and receives information leading to a range of symptoms.

Symptoms of FND

People suffering from FND experience a range of very real symptoms similar to someone with a neurological condition. They are unable to control these symptoms which commonly have a sudden onset and fast progression. These symptoms can get better and worsen over time or even be triggered by other or additional illnesses or injuries. The symptoms of FND can vary but commonly affect cognition, body movement and processing of sensory information. Body Movement may be affected due to weakness or complete loss of movement (paralysis); involuntary movements such as tremors or convulsions (with or without loss of consciousness); difficulties with balance and proprioception, and reduced ability to respond. Sensory issues that may arise include difficulties detecting touch or physical sensations/numbness; communication deficits including speech production and comprehension, and visual distortion or loss of vision. Cognitive difficulties include areas such as attention and focus, memory, and planning and problem solving.

Causes of FND

While the cause of FND is not well understood, symptoms are commonly reported following the occurrence of physical or emotional trauma and psychological stress.  Regardless of the cause, FND is largely attributed to functional changes in the brain rather than any structural differences that result in symptoms.

Other risk factors include the presence of pre-existing neurological conditions that do not explain the symptoms, family history of neurological conditions or an existing mental health condition (i.e. anxiety or depression). Due to the distress of living with FND and its functional impact, its symptoms can contribute or lead to sleep issues, increased pain, anxiety and/or depression and fatigue.

Management of FND

Treatment for FND may take a holistic approach from many professionals including medical professionals, physiotherapists, Occupational therapist and Psychologists. Psychological approaches have commonly been used to address the contributions of emotional stress on symptoms, particularly for those with a history of trauma or extreme stress.

While Biofeedback and Neurofeedback have yet to be comprehensively researched in regard to efficacy of treating FND, it may be able to relieve symptoms associated with the condition. QEEG and Neurofeedback has a long history in helping identify and treat functional disturbances in the brain relating to symptoms of anxiety, depression, PTSD, ADHD, sleep and cognitive decline.

Through a symptom-based approach, QEEG and Neurofeedback may be able to identify neuromarkers related to specific symptoms rather than FND as a whole. This can then help to improve brain processing to provide relief from the associated symptoms including emotional, cognitive, or motor coordination and movement.

For more information regarding your specific concerns and how Brain Care may be able to assist with FND, contact us to book an appointment with a psychologist to explore how we can help.